Principles

A road construction site—minimising disturbance by leaving as much undisturbed vegetation as possible (Source: SouthernSkies Limited).

For any development, do the earthworks – including temporary works – over the smallest area that you can while still achieving the design outcome. To meet this principle, you can:

• Only disturb areas that can be covered or stabilised.
• Identify existing site attributes and incorporate them into the project designs, to minimise the amount of earthwork that you need to do.
• Fit land development around where the land is sensitive. For example, where possible, avoid disturbing steeper slopes and features such as streams and wetlands.
• Apply the principles of staging and quick stabilisation to minimise the area of exposed disturbed soil.

On your ESC Plan, show all limits of disturbance. On site, show the limits clearly using fences, signs and flags.

Staged construction and progressive stabilisation (Source: SouthernSkies).

Earthworks staging

Doing bulk earthworks over the whole site at once means that you are exposing more soil at once and making it prone to erosion. If you only expose the area that you are working on and can stabilise and complete at that time, you reduce the risk of erosion and sediment discharge. This principle is called ‘earthworks staging’, which means doing earthworks in smaller sections and over time, while progressively revegetating the site.

You need to plan the staging alongside the overall construction timetable and sequencing to make sure that the timing meets everyone’s needs and requirements, including that of all contractors. The location of temporary stockpiles, access and utility service installation all needs to be planned.

Record the detail of the earthworks staging and sequencing in the ESC Plan.

Flume protects exposed soil on a steep slope from upslope water (Source: SouthernSkies).

Avoid disturbing existing slopes wherever possible, especially steep ones.

If you have worked a slope that needs stabilising, applying simple vegetative covers like topsoiling and seeding may not be enough. Consider texturing slopes, and applying compost, polymers, straw mulch or other protective surface covers.

You might also need to divert clean water runoff from above the site away from the exposed slopes.

Highlight slopes on the ESC Plan, as well as the limits of disturbance and any works and areas requiring specific protection.

Severe damage to a waterway resulting from a lack of protection—the cost of remediation vastly outweighed the cost of effective erosion control (Source: SouthernSkies).

It is essential to protect waterways to avoid sediment discharges.

To do earthworks and remove vegetation from beside or within streams (including ephemeral/intermittent streams), wetlands and the coast, usually requires a consent from Environment Canterbury. So, consult with Environment Canterbury before finalising your project designs.

Map all existing waterways, proposed drainage patterns, limits of disturbance and protection measures on the ESC Plan. Also mark all the practices to be used to protect new drainage channels, as well as crossings, disturbances and associated construction methods.

For more information on this topic, see our Waterways section.

Rapid stabilisation (Source: Erosion Control Ltd).

Stabilise disturbed soils with vegetation, compost, mulch, grassing or other stabilising methods that are appropriate to the site. Do this as soon as possible after the earthworks – for example, do it progressively after each earthworks stage and at specific milestones within stages.

Watch out for useful weather windows to do stabilising work. For example, put stabilising measures in place before rain or strong wind is forecast. In Canterbury rain can be infrequent, so there are often great opportunities to get exposed areas stabilised before the bad weather hits. But likewise, strong winds are common, so stabilising soils before the winds hit is vital to stop soil and dust blowing away and causing nuisance to neighbours.

Record the expected timings for grass or mulch covers clearly in the ESC Plan, eg record when you sowed the grass seed and when you expect a strike. Monitor the situation closely to see whether the strike is successful and take action if not. Also record your plans for temporary cover if you see erosion start to develop or there is poor germination.

For more information on this topic, see our sediment control section.

Prepare for bad weather so that you aren’t caught out with inadequate erosion or sediment control measures in place.

Weather affects the potential for erosion both directly and indirectly:

• Raindrops dislodge soil particles and runoff carries the particles away
• The annual pattern of rainfall and temperatures affects how much vegetation grows, and how quickly.

Canterbury often experiences long windows of dry weather, which are perfect for getting earthworks done. However, all parts of Canterbury can experience severe, intense storms at any time of the year so you need to have measures in place. Canterbury’s strong and gusty drying winds are most common in late spring and autumn, and erode soil and make dust a real problem. Manage your site to minimise the loss of soil through wind erosion by having an effective plan and using tools from this toolbox.

Rainfall varies across the region. Average annual rainfall in Christchurch is around 650 mm, Timaru around 590 mm and in the Canterbury Plains it’s less than 1000 m. Whereas mountainous areas receive metres of rain per year – eg Arthur's Pass gets more than 4m!

It is essential to do specific high risk activities – like streamworks – when a period of fine weather is forecast. Pay attention to weekly and longer range forecasts when scheduling works and preparing sites.

Clean water diversion used to keep clean water out of the work area.

Identify water that could run onto your site in streams or channels, or even in overland sheet flow. Plan to keep these sources of water well away from any areas of disturbed soil and sediment retention tools, like sediment ponds or bunds.

Keeping run-on water away from work areas and treatment devices is a critical measure to prevent erosion. Separating clean water from dirty will also minimize the size of the sediment retention tools. The most common tools are clean water diversions and perimeter bunds.

Even with the best erosion control measures runoff from earthworks areas will require treatment to capture sediment so it does not damage waterways. Look at the tools in sediment control to choose which methods are the most appropriate for your site and will give the best treatment.

Coagulation and flocculation are usually needed to maximize the efficiency and achieve acceptable levels of water quality in sediment control tools. Look at the coagulation and flocculation section for guidance.

Size and maintain sediment retention tools according to the toolbox. Making them bigger than the minimum will improve sediment retention.

Include sediment retention tool design specification, detailed inspection and maintenance schedules and conversion plans for permanent structures in the erosion and sediment control plan for your site.

This toolbox is full of practical tools and techniques, and it’s important to realise that you will have to draw on the whole toolbox. This is for two main reasons.

Your normally preferred tool may not work for this project. For example:

• Wind conditions and the angle of a slope can determine your choice of material, eg straw (low slopes, low wind) or geotextiles (steeper slopes, stronger wind)
• Soil type can affect your approach. For example, topsoiling is not normally recommended as an effective stabilisation tool on its own (until the vegetation seeding has established), but on Canterbury’s highly erodible loess soils it can still be a useful temporary measure. It absorbs rain better than the loess can and therefore reduces the erosion potential and sediment runoff
• The nature of the site can demand an unusual approach. For example, on a small site like a retaining wall being built on a slope, laying an impermeable plastic sheet overnight is effective against overnight rain, even if the normal runoff controls are not in place.

No one tool will work for the whole project

Different tools are needed at different stages. You will have to monitor the situation and change and adjust the tools for changing circumstances.

Applying a series of tools progressively is something that you should plan for in your ESC plan. The approach is sometimes called a ‘treatment train’, and here are some examples of how it works:

• Erosion control tools are correctly applied (eg straw, check dams, or surface roughening), but inevitably a reduced amount of sediment is still generated. This can be made worse by the nature of the site or the soil type or the project size. So sediment control tools are still needed downslope to handle runoff (eg sediment retention ponds or flocculation)
• Erosion control tools are not correctly applied (eg hydromulch or copolymer is not sprayed to 100% coverage), so the application has to be repeated or a different tool applied quickly, and sediment control tools will still be needed
• A temporary erosion control tool is applied but only until a permanent erosion control tool is operational. For example, soil is cut and exposed so needs to be covered or stabilised straight away until the permanent control tool is fully in place, eg vegetation or surface sealing
• Using sediment control tools without erosion control tools is not effective. For example, placing silt fences or silt socks on their own will not reduce erosion, and they will quickly become swamped and not capture sediment effectively. Erosion and sediment control tools need to be planned as an integrated approach and a sequence of tools
• For more on water management control, see the concentrated water flows section

Modify the ESC plan as your project progresses from bulk earthworks to a fully developed site. Factors such as weather, changes to grade, altered design including drainage and formation of roads can require changes to initially implemented ESC design.

Update the ESC plan as you go through each stage of the project – from initial ESC planning to detailed design and after meeting with Compliance monitoring officers. As the works progress you may need to adjust the plan to match changes in catchments, disturbed areas, soils, and the performance and management of sediment retention tools. Make sure the plan is regularly referred to and available on-site. Before you begin work, consider how the site will change through the project, and how the ESC Plan will need to evolve.

Regularly inspect, monitor and maintain ESC tools and check their performance.

Inspection and maintenance of controls is especially important prior to and following a storm event. A large or intense storm can leave ESC measures in need of repair, replacement, reinforcement or cleaning out. Maintaining and repairing measures as soon as possible after a storm event will maximise the ongoing efficiency of the measures and minimise adverse environmental effects.

Assessment and adjustment is an important ESC practice – it must figure prominently in the ESC Plan. It is also important to assign responsibility for implementing the ESC Plan and monitoring control measures as the project progresses.

Monitor the performance of your tools – check water quality and monitor dust discharges during strong winds, and record the results of monitoring. You will find out whether your measures are effective, or whether they need to be adjusted.

Staff and contractors who are well trained and experienced in ESC practices will save your project time and money by proactive construction and maintenance of ESC tools.

Experience shows that team members who are engaged in ESC, really enhance the delivery of projects on time, to budget, while achieving really positive environmental results. Encouraging team members to become involved in ESC will develop their experience, and help your project. The more technically demanding the site and its ESC measures, the greater the supervision and project management required for ESC.